Foodborne contaminants, also known as pathogens, need certain items in order to grow. In the foodservice industry, we are taught to use the acronym F.A.T.T.O.M. in order to remember these items. I will now break down the acronym and explain how each item works to help the pathogens survive.

1. Food: Like all organisms, the pathogenic microorganisms need food to survive. The food that they need are the food items that we are trying to protect from these microorganisms.

2. Acidity: Pathogens need a specific acidity level in order to grow. pathogens require a slightly acidic pH level of 4.6-7.5, while they thrive in conditions with a pH of 6.6-7.5.

3. Time: As listed in previous lessons, food items should not be allowed to remain in the temperature danger zone for more than 4 hours. This is the time portion.

4. Temperature: Pathogens grow best in the temperature danger zone (41 F to 135 F).

5. Oxygen: The majority of foodborne pathogens are aerobic, in that they need oxygen to survive and multiply. The microorganism Clostridium botulinum, the source of botulism, however, is anaerobic and does not require oxygen to grow and multiply.

6. Moisture: Water is essential for pathogens to grow. The less moisture available, the more difficult it is for the pathogens to survive. The water activity level of food (notated as the letter ‘a’ with a sub ‘w’) can range from 0.0 to 1.0, with water being 1.0.

If you have any questions about anything that I present in these lessons, or have a question about anything regarding food safety, please feel free to contact me.

Tomorrows lesson: Proper glove use in practicing food safety.

When it comes to cooking food safely, there are several factors to take into consideration. First, what type of item is being cooked, how is it being served, what is the flavor profile I am wishing to impart to my guests…the list can go on. Suffice to say, food service establishments are required to adhere to certain temperature requirements when cooking foods for the public.

Depending on the regulations for the area in which the food is being prepared, the temperature danger zone is either set at a high temperature of either 135 degrees F (57C) or 140 degrees F (60C) (Illinois is 135, Minnesota is 140, as an example). This sets the absolute minimum that food can be held at for service. If the food item drops below this temperature, it must be reheated (per proper reheating standards) up to 165 degrees F, if you wish to continue serving the product; however, that will be a topic for a later date.

For the minimum internal cooking temperature of most items, the temperature is fairly straightforward. These are:

Poultry (whole or ground: duck, turkey, or chicken): 165 degrees F (74C) for 15 seconds.

Stuffing and stuffed meat, fish, poultry, and pasta: 165 degrees for 15 seconds. This means that the stuffing and the meat that was stuffed both must have the temperature checked and both must register 165 degrees F (74C) for 15 seconds.

Items that are considered Temperature Controlled for Safety (TCS) foods that are cooked in a Microwave, whether it be eggs, poultry, fish, and meat: 165 degrees F (74C).

Ground Meat (beef, pork, and other meats): 155 degrees F (68C) for 15 seconds

Injected meats (including brined ham and flavor injected roasts) 155 degrees F (68C) for 15 seconds.

Pork, beef, veal, & Lamb:

Steaks & Chops: 145 degrees F (63C) for 15 seconds

Roasts: 145 degrees F (63C) for 4 minutes; this means the temperature must be checked and it must hold at or above 145 for four minutes.

Seafood (including fish, shellfish, and crustaceans): 145 degrees F (63C) for 15 seconds.

Shell eggs for immediate service: 145 degrees F (63C) for 15 seconds.

Commercially processed, ready-to-eat food: (hot held for service): 135 degrees F (57C). Examples include cheese sticks, deep fried vegetables, etc.

While the above mentioned temperatures are the requirements for the different food items, there are also “alternative” minimum internal cooking temperatures that can be utilized for certain food items.

For example, beef and pork roasts have an alternate cooking endpoint that allows for slow roasting of the product. The following temperatures and time periods represent the minimum internal temperatures and the amount of time that the item must maintain at or above that temperature to be considered safe for human consumption.

130 F (54C) – 112 minutes

131 F (55C) – 89 minutes

133 F (56C) – 56 minutes

135 F (57C) – 36 minutes

136 F (58C) – 28 minutes

138 F (59C) – 18 minutes

140 F (60C) – 12 minutes

142 F (61C) – 8 minutes

144 F (62C) – 5 minutes

145 F (63C) – 4 minutes

Additionally, there are alternative minimum internal temperatures for ground and injected meats. This is the best way to ensure that your hamburger is safe and can still enjoy it when cooked medium rare. These times and temperatures are:

145 F (63C) – 3 minutes

150 F (66C) – 1 minute

155 F (68C) – 15 seconds

158 F (70C) – < 1 second

If you have any questions about anything that I present in these lessons, or have a question about anything regarding food safety, please feel free to contact me.

Tomorrows lesson: What foodborne contaminants need to grow.

I am sure that there are a lot of people that are wondering why I chose this topic to discuss today, as most people may feel that they already know how to properly reheat food. Unfortunately, there are food safety issues to contend with when reheating foods, just like there are when foods are first cooked.

Luckily, this is a very simple food safety issue that is very easy to explain and implement, and is considered a requirement for professional food service establishments.

The basics of reheating foods properly is that foods that have been properly cooked and then properly cooled can be served at any temperature, provided it is being served immediately. An example of this is the beef in a roast beef sandwich. At home, a lot of people (I will admit I do this myself), will grab something from the fridge and eat it cold or throw it into the microwave for a couple of seconds to add a little bit of heat to it, which is perfectly acceptable, again, provided it is served and eaten immediately.

The situation with properly reheating foods occurs when you are reheating foods for hot holding on a buffet or for later table service. At that point, all reheated items must be moved through the temperature danger zone as quickly as possible. The food service requirement is that the food must be heated to an internal temperature of 165 degrees F (74C) and hold that temperature for at least 15 seconds. This reheating must be completed within two (2) hours.

If you have any questions about anything that I present in these lessons, or have a question about anything regarding food safety, please feel free to contact me.

Tomorrows lesson: Proper cooking temperature endpoints for food safety.

Continuing yesterdays lesson on the proper thawing of foods, I will now discuss the proper methods for cooling foods. The main process behind the proper cooling of cooked foods, is to get the temperature through the temperature danger zone as quickly as possible to minimize the chance of bacteria growing on the food.

I am sure many of us remember, and have done ourselves, the leaving of food out on the counter to cool before being placed in the refrigerator. This is mainly done, however incorrectly, to keep the temperature of the fridge from rising by placing hot or warm food inside. A refrigerator is the perfect place to keep cold food cold, but it is not very efficient at rapidly cooling foods.

As previously stated, the object of cooling foods, is to get the items through the temperature danger zone quickly enough to keep bacteria from growing to unsafe levels. According to the FDA, this can be done by cooling the items from above 135 degrees F (57C) down to 70 degrees F (21C) within the first two (2) hours, then cooling the item to below 41 degrees F (5C) in the next four (4) hours. As a side note, if the food cannot be cooled to 70 degrees within two (2) hours, it must either be discarded or reheated and cooled again.

To aid in getting the food items to cool properly within the allotted time periods, there are several ways to assist in reaching the desired goals. Some are designed for the food service industry, however others can easily be adapted for home use.

1. First, reduce the size of the food for quicker cooling. This can be done by dividing the items into smaller containers for faster cooling.

2. Place item in an ice water bath. As far as I know, everyone that boils eggs uses an ice water bath to rapidly cool the eggs after they are done cooking. The same principle applies to other items as well. For items that are liquid (or semi liquid) and can be stirred (frequently), placing the pan in an ice water bath in the sink and stirring will help speed up the cooling process of the item.

3. Stir food with an Ice Paddle. In some food service establishments, you can find a plastic paddle, that was filled with water and frozen. For large amounts of liquid items, the paddle can be used the cool the center portion of the item by stirring with the paddle. In a home, this can be accomplished by purchasing a smaller paddle, or simply using a plastic bottle filled with water and frozen and using it as a paddle to stir the food item.

4. Placing food in a blast or tumble chiller. This is mainly for food service operations, as these devices are not currently designed for home use. The object of this item is as it sounds, it is like a super powered fridge that will super cool food items very quickly.

5. Adding ice or cold water as an ingredient. This cooling technique works for liquid items that require more liquid to be added at the end of the cooking process. Instead of adding hot water (or even a hot broth), use very cold water or ice to speed the cooling process. If you add broth as a final ingredient, it is possible to chill the broth or freeze it into cubes just like you would regular water to speed the cooling process of the food item.

If you have any questions about anything that I present in these lessons, or have a question about anything regarding food safety, please feel free to contact me.

Tomorrows lesson: Proper reheating of previously cooked & properly cooled foods.

Getting back to the temperature danger zone, it is imperative that foods either stay hot or cold. So how do you thaw foods to ensure that they thaw properly without entering the temperature danger zone for too long.

There are only four (4) methods for thawing foods properly. They are: in a fridge for 24 hours or more, under cool running water, in a microwave (if to be used immediately after thawing), or as part of the actual cooking process. Lets break each of these down properly.

1. In a fridge: The optimal way to defrost frozen foods in in a refrigerator , which maintains the temperature of the product outside the temperature danger zone. Planning should be made to insure that you have plenty of time to defrost the item before using. The biggest drawback is ensuring that you have enough fridge space to do this properly.

2. Under cool running water: if you happened to forget to pull the frozen item out of the freezer and get it thawing, you can always place the item under cool running water. Some have adapted this to think that they can just set the item in cool standing water for a few hours to allow it to thaw. The issue comes when the frozen item starts to freeze the water, so the running water keeps it from forming an ice block around the item being thawed, and allows for any ice crystals that do form to be removed by the moving of the water. The water should be cool, as hot water would cause parts of the item to get into the temperature danger zone and stay there longer than acceptable.

3. In a Microwave (if to be used immediately after thawing): Microwaves have been a great item for thawing and cooking foods. Unfortunately, the fact that they are not very good at cooking or thawing evenly throughout the food item, is the main reason that the food must be used immediately after thawing. Parts of the food item may have entered the temperature danger zone during the defrosting process, so the best thing to do is finish the cooking process immediately upon thawing.

4. As part of the actual cooking process: Many people have used this method without realizing it is actually an excellent method for keeping food out of the temperature danger zone. In this method, the food item goes directly from the freezer to the cooking process and is cooked in a minimal amount of time. Some examples of this are: frozen hamburgers that are placed in a skillet, frozen shrimp (or meatballs) thrown into a sauce for pasta.

By using these methods, you will help ensure that you are maintaining safe food for those you feed.

Tomorrow’s lesson: Proper cooling of cooked foods.

As with all food items, there is the potential for contamination. Sushi is generally a ready-to-eat item in that it does not undergo any cooking before service to the customer, and is safe to eat, provided that proper food safety procedures are followed.

There are two main issues with contamination that you should be aware of.

1. Cross-contamination: this occurs when either hands or equipment (and other food contact surfaces) are not properly clean and sanitized before use. This is generally the main reason that individuals may become sick from eating sushi.

2. Food borne pathogens: Whether they be viral, bacterial, or parasitic, raw seafood can be a vector for contaminations. This is why proper sanitary conditions must be met in order to maintain a safe food supply. For example, Anisakiasis, a microscopic larval worm that lives in marine creatures is one of the most nastiest and potentially fatal organisms associated with raw seafood. The United States requires, by law, that sushi grade items go through certain deep freezing techniques in order to destroy these micro-organisms. The only other way to destroy this organism is through cooking, which defeats the purpose of sushi.

Suffice to say, the regulatory requirements for sushi grade seafood are more strict than many other food items, and while it is still possible to become sick from these items, they are fairly rare.

A few fairly recent (2010 & 2015) incidents found to be linked to raw tuna in sushi was suspected to be linked to the raw tuna being imported from Indonesia.

Tomorrow’s Lesson: Proper thawing of frozen foods.

Listeria monocytogenes (Infection is known as Listeriosis), is a bacterium that is mainly transmitted by contaminated food products and is found in soil, water, and plants. This bacterium thrives in cool, moist environments, and while it is uncommon for health individuals to become ill from this bacterium, people that are considered a part of the high risk population are especially vulnerable; particularly pregnant women.

This bacterium is most commonly linked with raw meat, unpasteurized dairy products, and ready to eat foods such as deli meat, hot dogs, and soft cheeses.

The methods to prevent possible infection include:

1. Keep foods out of the temperature danger zone
2. Throw out any product that is past its use-by or expiration date.
3. Cook raw meats to the required minimum internal temperatures.
4. Prevent cross-contamination between raw or undercooked food and ready-to-eat foods.
5. Avoid using unpasteurized dairy products.

Tomorrow’s lesson: Sushi, What am I risking when I eat it?

Today’s lesson: Understanding the Temperature Danger Zone

The temperature danger zone, is the range of temperatures which are found to be the most favorable for foodborne illness causing bacteria to grow.

The standard temperature danger zone, as defined by the FDA, is from 41 degrees to 135 degrees. It must be noted that different states have different requirements for the temperature danger zone. (Some states have the low portion at 40 degrees, and some states have the high portion at 140 degrees. These distinctions are mainly for commercial food establishments, and I am providing them here for informational purposes only. When in doubt, it is better to go for the most restrictive to keep you from being in violation of your local laws.)

When working with food items, it is best to minimize the amount of time that the foods are within the temperature danger zone. In food service, the MAXIMUM amount of time an item may be in the temperature danger zone is for four (4) hours. It must be noted that this time is cumulative, so if you buy the item at the store, and it sits in the trunk of your car for an hour before you get home, that is one hour in the temperature danger zone that you have already used. If you then decide to separate it into smaller items, the time that you work on it will also add to the time it is in the temperature danger zone. If possible, you should have in your car, a cooler of some type that will help keep cold items out of the temperature danger zone.

Suffice to say, the better you are at being able to regulate the time an item is in the temperature danger zone, the better you will be at keeping foodborne illness causing bacteria from growing on your food items.

Tomorrow’s Lesson: What is Listeria monocytogenes?

Lets start by making sure that you are washing your hands properly to keep from spreading germs.

First, WHEN should you wash your hands:

1. Before, during, and after preparing food

2. Before eating food

3. Before and after caring for someone who is sick

4. Before and after treating a cut or wound

5. After using the toilet

6. After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet

7. After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing

8. After touching an animal, animal feed, or animal waste

9. After handling pet food or pet treats

10. After touching garbage

Then HOW should you wash your hands:

1. Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap.

2. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Be sure to lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.

3. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the “Happy Birthday” song from beginning to end twice.

4. Rinse your hands well under clean, running water.

5. Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them.

WHAT should you do if you don’t have soap and clean, running water?

Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to reduce the number of germs on them in most situations. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can quickly reduce the number of germs on hands in some situations, but sanitizers do not eliminate all types of germs.

This information was obtained from the CDC website at:http://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html

Tomorrow’s Lesson: Understanding the Temperature Danger Zone

Hepatitis A is a virus that is found in the feces of infected individuals. It can contaminate many types of food in addition to water, and is commonly linked with ready-to-eat foods; however, it has also been linked to shellfish that has been contaminated by sewage.

The virus is primarily transmitted to food when an infected foodhandler touches food or equipment with fingers that have feces on them. While eating only a small amount of the virus can make a person sick, the symptoms may not show for weeks even though the person can be very infections. Cooking DOES NOT destroy Hepatitis A.

The most common symptoms of Hepatitis A are: fever, general weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaundice (appears later).

Aside from the most important prevention measure (practicing good person hygiene), other prevention methods include:

1. Keep employees who have jaundice out of the operation.

2. Keep employees who have been diagnosed with Hepatitis A out of the operation.

3. Wash Hands.

4. Minimize bare-hand contact with ready-to-eat food.

5. Purchase shellfish from approved, reputable suppliers.

If you have any questions about anything that I present in these lessons, or have a question about anything regarding food safety, please feel free to contact me.

Tomorrow’s lesson: When should you wash your hands?